GROUND WATER SOURCES GENERAL REMARKS


The water that is percolated in the ground is known as groundwater. 
It is brought on the surface for use. The following points need to be taken into account regarding underground sources:

a) AQUIFERS

The surface of each aquifers is composed of alternate pervious and impervious layers. Pervious strata are those strata through which water can easily pass while impervious strata are those through which water cannot pass. 

The pervious layers are named as aquifers or water holding strata. Aquifers have sand or gravel layer that provides the good quality water. The aquifers that are made of limestone layer gives good quantity of water supply and cracks or fissures are present there.

b) MOVEMENT OF GROUNDWATER

The movement of underground water is through gravity and attraction of molecules of surface tension.

c) POROSITY 

The porosity is defined as the ratio of volume of pores or openings of material to the volume of total volume of material. Porosity is measured in percentage. 

P= V1/V2×100

P= Porosity of soil
V1=  Volume of openings of material
V2= Total Volume of  material

Name of Rock or Soil                                          Porosity in %

Clay                                                                         44-47          
Chalk                                                                      14-15          
Limestone                                                              0.5-17          
Sand and Gravel                                                    35-40          
Sandstone                                                                 4-30          
Compacted Sand and Gravel                               25-30          
Top Soils                                                                 37-65          

d) QUALITY OF WATER

The process of natural filtration occurs when rainfall occurs and rain water percolates through the ground.That's why underground water is free from impurities.Some quantity of bacteria are also present in water. that protect the water from contamination. The groundwater contains different salts depending upon the type of strata and length of underground water flow. The minerals present in underground water are manganese, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium and iron. 

Rocky strata give more or less pure water.
water with clayey soil have high turbidity.
Aquifers made of limestone provides long passage of underground water.

e) WATER TABLE

The upper top soil at ground level is pervious and the rain water is percolated through this pervious layer and gathered here.This upper surface of free water is called as Water table of groundwater table.

Water table level changes. It increases in the wet season and falls down in dry season. 


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

GIS INTRODUCTION AND ITS FUNCTIONAL SUBSYSTEMS

Image
INTRODUCTION GIS (Geographic Information System) is a computer based tool used to store and operate geographic information. It deals with mapping and analyzing things happening on earth. GIS is known for explaining events, predicting results an planning strategies and that is why it is found different from other information systems and valuable to public and private enterprises. GIS aim is management, analysis and visualization/ mapping of spatial data. The definition of GIS quoted by Burrough is: "GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transform and displaying spatial data from the real world." GIS APPLICATIONS GIS has the potential to be used in various fields. The problems faced by world today are overpopulation, pollution, deforestation, natural disasters. These challenges have critical geographic perspective. GIS is used while selection of suitable site for business, finding best soil to grow crops, finding the best route for emergenc
Read more

Environmental Pollution and its Types

Image
INTRODUCTION Before describing environmental pollution let's describe what is environment? Environment is defined as all physical and biological systems that surrounds all the organisms including man and all other factors that influence on these organisms. Environment includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (non living) components. Any change in the environment caused by any unwanted substance, impurity or in other words contaminants is called pollution. Environmental pollution is a becoming a serious concern all over the world causing the damage to the earth. It is a problem both in developing and developed countries.  MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION The major factors that contribute towards environmental pollution are Population growth and urbanization. Urban population is increasing day by day. Rural population is also moving towards urban areas because of the facilities of urban areas. Therefore population of cities is increasing that leads to the high energ
Read more

Would You Consider Working In a Coworking Environment?

With more individuals doing independent work, working for themselves or working in private company new companies, there are more individuals than any other time in recent memory without an office space in the conventional sense. Nonetheless, imagine a scenario in which you are somebody who finds an increasingly social environment is the most profitable. Numerous individuals observe a conventional office condition to be the most valuable approach to work effectively, without the diversions of home or an open territory. The term was "collaborating" first propelled in 1999, by Brian DeKoven. Around the same time, one of the principal studios opened in New York City, called 42 West 24. At that point, in the UK, the first collaborating space wasn't opened until January 2005 in London. Be that as it may, the term just wound up mainstream in March 2007, when it was slanting on Google Search. Before long a while later, in October 2007, it was recorded as a term on Wikipedia.
Read more